Amateka y’u Rwanda
Amateka y’u Rwanda arangwa n’ubumwe, indangagaciro z’umuco, n’ubutwari bw’abakurambere baturinze kugeza ubwo igihugu cyabonye ubwigenge mu 1962.
UbwamiUbwami bwa Gihanga
U Rwanda rwagiye rutegekwa n'abami batandukanye kuva rwabaho kugeza ubwo abanyamategeka babagabanyamo ibyiciro bitatu bakurikije ibihe aribyo: Abami b'ibimanuka, abami b'umushumi n'abami b'ibitekerezo [[1]][[3]][[4]]. Abami b'ibimanuka ni abakomoka kuri Shyerezo, Abami b'umushumi ni abatazwi igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku Ngoma zabo, naho Abami b'ibitekerezo ni abami bazwi neza igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku ngoma zabo [[1]]. Abami b'ibimanuka bahera kuri Shyerezo bakageza kuri Kazi. Naho Abami b'umushumi bahera kuri Gihanga cyahanze Inka n'Ingoma bakageza kuri Cylima I Rugwe [[1]][[4]]. Abami b'ibitekerezo ari nabo ba nyuma bahera kuri Kigeli I Mukobanya bakageza ku Mwami wa nyuma w'u Rwanda ariwe Kigeli V Ndahindurwa [[1]]. Tukaba tugiye kubage amateka y'umwami wa mbere w'Umushumi, Gihanga I Ngomijana [[1]][[3]][[6]]. Gihanga Ngomijana (1091–1124) [[1]][[3]][[4]][[6]] Uyu mwami witwa Gihanga avugwaho byinshi kandi agafatwa nk'umuntu ngo wahanze u Rwanda. Gusa umuntu ashobora niba mbere yaho nta Rwanda rwabagaho [[1]]. Iyo umuntu ahereye ku mateka y'abami b'ibimanuka bivugwa ko bakomoka mu ijuru, usanga bavugwa ko baba baramanukiye bwa mbere mu Mubari (mu Burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda ahitwa ku rutare rwa Kinani) aho baje basanga hatuwe kandi hategekwa muri icyo gihe n'uwitwaga Kabeja wo mu bwoko bw'abazigaba [[1]]. Uyu Mwami witwa Gihanga niwe ntangiriro y'ubutegetsi bw'ingoma Nyiginya (fondateur de la Dynastie) ni nawe washyizeho gahunda y'Igihugu gitegekwa n'Abami [[1]][[4]]. Mu ntangiriro z'ubutegetsi bwe, Gihanga nta ngoma yimanye, ahubwo yategekeshaga ibindi birango bibiri aribyo inyundo n'ikindi gikoresho cy'umuziki bita urusengo. Ibyo gushyiraho ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami ngo yaba yarabizaniwe n'uwitwa Rubunga nawe abikopeye mu bucurabwenge bwakoreshwaga n'abitwa Abarenge [[1]]. Abarenge bari Abasinga, aribo bitwaga Abasangwabutaka (bivuga abo Abanyiginya basanze bategeka) ngo akaba ari bo barti mu gihugu mbere y'uko iriya ngoma Nyiginya iza kurutegeka [[1]]. Ingoma ya mbere yakoreshejwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Gihanga yahawe izina rya Rwoga bituruka ku ijambo 'Kwogera' cyanggwa 'kwamamara' [[1]]. Rubunga wayizaniye Gihanga ni we bakunze kwita Mwungura ari naho banakomerezaho bagira bati ni 'Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru' akaba akomokwaho n'umuryango w'Abatege bituruka ku izina ry'umwe mu bakurambere baho witwaga Nyabutege [[1]]. Ikoreshwa ry'ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami bwa Gihanga ngo ntiryakuyeho burundu ikoreshwa rya biriya bimenyetso bindi byakoreshwaga mbere ari byo urusengo n'inyundo nk'uko amateka akomeza kubigaragaza [[1]]. Urugero rwatangwa nuko iyo i bwami bamenyeshaga icibwa ry'umuntu runaka cyangwa se umuryango runaka ariko mu buryo butari burundu bakoreshaga umurishyo w'ingoma, mu gihe iyo iryo cibwa ryemezwaga mu buryo bwa burundu baritangazaga bakoresheje urusengo [[1]]. N'ubwo hashidikanywa niba Gihanga ari we wahanze u Rwanda cyangwa atari we ngo ntibikuraho ko yaba yarabayeho kuko kubaho kwe kugaragarira ku kuntu uruhererekane rw'abamukurikiye mu butegetsi bamwubahiriza kandi ugasanga mu ntekerezo zose agarukamo nk'uko amateka abigaragaza [[1]]. Iyo umwami runaka yageraga ku butegetsi yubakishaga ingoma ye, ariko ku ruhande agashyiraho n'ahagenewe kubahiriza umukurambere Gihanga ariko bitaga urukamishirizo [[1]]. Uretse n'ibyo kandi ngo aho umusezero (imva y'umwami) wa Gihanga wari ku gasozi ka Muganza ya Kayenzi ngo naho hakorerwaga imihango yo kumuterekera niba ari ko nabyita [[1]]. Aha ngaha i bwami ngo bakaba barahoherezaga abiru bo kuhakorera imihango yabugenewe. Habga indi mihango yamukorerwaga yari ishingiye ku nka ikaba yarakorwaga n'abo mu muryango bita ABaheka: umutware wabo agatura i Runda ndetse akaba yarafatwaga nk'umwiru mukuru w'inka [[1]]. Ntawakwirengagiza ubwoko bw'Abatsobe nabwo ngo bukomoka kuri Gihanga, kuko ngo uwo bakomokaho witwa Rutsobe ari umuhungu yabyaye hanze [[1]]. Uyu muryango nawo ukaba waraje kubahwa ibwami kubera imihango y'ubwiru wakoraga, dore ko ngo banagiraga ingoma yabo yitwa Rwoma naho umurwa baturagaho ukaba wari i Kinyambi muri Runda [[1]]. Umuryango w'Abatsobe wari ufite agaciro mu butegetsi bwite bw'igihugu kuko bari bashinzwe imihango y'ubwiru ijyanye n'umuganura bagatura mu karere k'u Bumbogo bakagira n'umutwe w'ingabo bayoboraga witwa Gakondo ukumoka kuri Gihanga [[1]]. Ikindi kivugwa kuri Gihanga ni uko igihugu yategekaga cyarengaga imbibi z'U Rwanda tuzi ubu [[1]]. Ibi bigashingirwa ku ntekerezo zigaragaza ko ubutegetsi bwe bwageraga hakurya mu burengerazuba bwa Congo aho bitaga mu Bunyabungo ndetse n'ahitwa Buhindangoma hakurya muri Rutshuru [[1]]. Ahandi hagaragara ibirari by'amateka bishobora kwemeza ko Gihanga yabayeho ni mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda ahitwa Buhanga hagati ya Nyamutera na Nyakinama ku bazi amazina y'uturere twa kera [[1]][[3]][[7]]. Aha hagaragaraga ibigabiro by'aho uyu mwami yari atuye ariko umuntu akaba atakwemeza ko ibyo bigabiro bigihari magingo aya kubera ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'imiturire [[1]]. Imwe mu mihango yakorerwaga muri aka gace ni iyakorwaga ku mfizi yitwa Rugira ngo yabanaga n'inka zitwa Ingizi nkuko uyu munyamategeka abivuga [[1]]. Iyi mihango ngo yaba yaratangiye ku ngoma y'umwami Yuhi II Gahima ari nabwo umutwe w'ingabo zitwa Gakondo zatandukanaga n'izitwa Abangakungoma nyuma aba Bangakugoma bakoherezwa kuba hariya mu Buhanga [[1]]. Undi murwa wa Gihanga uvugwa mu mateka, ni uwari ahitwa Nyamirembe cyangwa se Humure yo mu Mutara, aho uyu mwami ngo yaba yarageneye umuhungu we Kanyarwanda ngo azabe ari we umusimbura ku ngoma amaze gutanga [[1]]. Gihanga yarongoye Abagore benshi [[1]]. Ikindi amateka agaragaza, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko nawe yari afite abagore benshi nk'uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere [[1]]. Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw'Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n'uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima (Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma), Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n'ubwoko bw'Abashambo (Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa) ndetse n'uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w'ubwoko bwa Abahondogo (Bategetse u Bugesera), ndetsse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w'ubwoko bw'Abacyaba (Bategetse Ingoma y'u Bugara) [[1]]. Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo (Intara ya kivu Y'Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n'abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n'undi mwana witwa Gafomo [[1]]. Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w'inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w'abo mu bwoko bw'Abatsobe [[1]].
UbukoroniUbukoroni bw'Ababiligi
Mu gihe cy’Ubugerimanyani (1885), Rwanda yigiye mu bukoroni bw’Ababiligi bwa Germany, kandi yabanze kuri Berlin Conference [[4]]. Mu 1897, Kapteni von Lettow-Vorbeck yagarura Rwanda kugeza mu karere ka Kigali. Ababiligi bari bafite imbereza z’ubuzima (kubona ingoma, ibisika, n’imyaka y’inkweto) kandi bafashije umwami Yuhi V Musinga gukomeza kugenzura [[4]]. Abamiliki bwa Belgium bamenye ubwami mu 1916 kugeza mu gihe cy’ubushinwa bwa League of Nations. Gutanga amategeko y’ubudehe (ubusizi, inkweto, n’imihigo myinshi), gutanga ishuri, n’ubutegetsi bw’abaturage [[4]]. Mu 1959, ubutegetsi bw’abamiliki bwarangije, kandi abanyarwanda bamenye amateka y’ubutegetsi. Mu 1962, Rwanda yavuzwe nka gatunda rikurikira [[4]].
IntambaraIntambara y'Abacengezi
Intambara y’Abacengezi yari ikomeye mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Juvenal Habyarimana kandi yagarutse mu 1994 n’uburundu bwa Hutu/Tutsi [[8]][[9]]. Mu 1990, FPR (Inkotanyi) yakiriye kugeza mu Kigali, kandi yavugwaho ko yari iri guhabwa amateka y’abanyarwanda bafite inkwi mu Bugesera n’Amajyaruguru [[8]][[10]]. Kugabanuka k’umwami Habyarimana mu 1994, Icyokwe cy’Abatutsi (1994), n’ingoma ya Paul Kagame [[8]][[9]]. Gutanga ubutegetsi bwa Kagame mu 1994, guhabwa amateka y’abanyarwanda bafite inkwi mu Burundi n’Uganda, n’ubutegetsi bw’ingoma Nyiginya (FPR) mu 1997 [[8]][[9]].
UbwamiYuhi I Gasunzu
Yuhi I Gasunzu (1124–1150) ni umwami wa kabiri w’Umushimi bwa Nyiginya. Yategekaga amahanga y’inka mu karere k’u Bumbogo [[8]].
UbwamiKaremara I Rwaka
Karemara I Rwaka (1150–1180) ni umwami wa gatatu w’Umushimi bwa Nyiginya. Yategekaga imbibi z’u Rwanda [[8]].
HistoriqueIkintamiko cy'Ubwami
Ubwami bwa Rwanda bwategetswe ni abami 28 bakomoka mu muryango w’Abanyiginya [[8]].
UbukoroniUbugari bw'Abahutu n'Abatutsi
Ubugari bwa Hutu/Tutsi bwarangije mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’abamiliki bwa Belgium [[2]].
IntambaraIcyokwe cy’Abatutsi (1994)
Icyokwe cy’Abatutsi (1994) cyarangije mu gihe cy’uburundu bwa Hutu/Tutsi [[3]].
UbukoroniUbwami bw'u Rwanda mu Kizigama
Mu gihe cy’umwami Yuhi V Musinga, Rwanda yigiye mu kizigama k’Ababiligi bwa Germany [[2]].
UbwamiGutanga Ubutegetsi bw’Abami
Abami b’ibimanuka bategekaga ubwami bwa Rwanda mu gihe cy’abami b’ibimanuka (1000–1600) [[8]].
IntambaraIcyokwe cy’Abanyarwanda
Mu gihe cy’icyokwe cy’Abanyarwanda (1959), abanyarwanda bamenye amategeko y’ubutegetsi [[2]].
UbwamiUbwami bw'u Rwanda mu Gihugu
Ubwami bw'u Rwanda bwarayobowe n'abami 28 bose bakomoka mu muryango w'Abanyiginya [[9]].
UbwamiIgihugu cy’Ubwami bwa Gihanga
Gihanga yategekaga igihugu cy’u Rwanda mu majyaruguru ya Buhanga [[8]].